'Lactol was the first of an expanding range of proprietary milk-food products developed by dog-food manufacturers such as Spratts Patent, W. G. Clarke, and Spillers & Co. during the 1910s, 1920s, and 1930s.[note: '“Spratt’s,” Bystander, 3 June 1908, 523; “Spratt’s Puppilac,” Our Dogs, no. 49 (1 October 1920):483; “Vigor,” Our Dogs, no. 51 (12 August 1921): 286; “Bob Martin’s,” Nottingham Evening Post, 18 September1930, 8.']' (294)

'In promotional articles, food manufacturers positioned themselves as responsible conveyers of nutritional wisdom to a presumably uninformed lay audience. Our Dogs again reported that visitors “at [London] Olympia… will be given the opportunity of … learning many useful things - that are notat present nearly as widely known or fully understood as they deserve to be - concerning the care of the dog, and the part that is played by this most faithful and intelligent four-legged companion and domestic pet in the proper realisation of the home ideal.” [note: '“The Dog’s Place in the Ideal Home,” Our Dogs, no. 78 (21 March 1930): 785. See also “Good News for Dog Owners,” Our Dogs, no. 85 (2 October 1931): 20; “Brighter Homes Exhibition: Pedigree Dog Section, City Hall, Manchester,” Our Dogs, no. 79 (9 May 1930): 319.']' (310-311)

'In March 1908, the Canine Nurses’ Institute was established at 45 Barrington Road, Brixton, the home of metropolitan socialite Mrs. E. Leuty Collins... Like the beauty-parlor owners of Bond Street, Collins was highly conscious of her positionin fashionable society. In the course of promoting her institute, she held events at royal residences and emphasized her connections with fashionable ladies and the Ladies Kennel Association. [note: '“Court and Society,” Sunday Times, 9 May 1909, 15, 18; “New Importations,” Dogdom 10, no. 8 (October 1909): 598; “London Notes,” Dogdom 12, no. 1 (March 1911): 10–12; Collins and Campbell, How to Save Our Dogs, inside front cover, 4, 84–85, inside back cover. See also E. Leuty Collins, “A Connoisseurin Curious Pets,” Windsor Magazine 14, no. 4 (September 1901): 429–34.']' (301)

'In promotional articles, food manufacturers positioned themselves as responsible conveyers of nutritional wisdom to a presumably uninformed lay audience. Our Dogs again reported that visitors “at [London] Olympia… will be given the opportunity of … learning many useful things - that are notat present nearly as widely known or fully understood as they deserve to be - concerning the care of the dog, and the part that is played by this most faithful and intelligent four-legged companion and domestic pet in the proper realisation of the home ideal.” [note: '“The Dog’s Place in the Ideal Home,” Our Dogs, no. 78 (21 March 1930): 785. See also “Good News for Dog Owners,” Our Dogs, no. 85 (2 October 1931): 20; “Brighter Homes Exhibition: Pedigree Dog Section, City Hall, Manchester,” Our Dogs, no. 79 (9 May 1930): 319.']... Exhibitions were an opportunity for pet-food manufacturers to participate in the commercial culture of home-keeping. At the Scottish Ideal Home Exhibitionin Glasgow, Spratt’s emphasized “how the high standards of quality and useful excellence which distinguish Spratt’s Meat-Fibrine Dog Foods are manifested in every other branch of Spratt’s many-sided activities - in the Kennels and Appliances, the Dog Requisites and Remedies marketed by Spratt’s … [and] the transport, shipment, insurance, quarantine, and boarding of dogs.” [note: '“Good News for Dog Owners,” Our Dogs, no. 85 (2 October 1931): 20.']' (310-311)

'like domestic maids, kennelmaids often developed highly personal relationships with their employers. Indeed, the first significant portrayal of them in the British press - the so-called “Kennelmaid Case” of 1907 in which the defendant Miss Josephine Leslie was accused of defrauding her mistress - exemplified many ofthe established tropes of disloyal and manipulative servitude... These included complacent home-keeping on the mistress’s behalf and attainment of the position on a false pretext. The case, having gone so far as to draw in the financial celebrity Pierpont Morgan (of J. P. Morgan fame), concluded by convicting Leslie of having stolen £13,000. [note: 'For example, “The Police Courts,” Times (London), 15, 17, and 20 July 1907 [sic]; “The Central Criminal Court,” Times (London), 27 July 1907; “High Court of Justice,” Times (London), 19 November 1907.']' (306)

'As well as citing personal testimony, Sherley & Co. were careful to emphasize Lactol’s medical and scientific credentials. For example, ads prior to the First World War highlighted that the product was available not only from food suppliers but also commercial chemists and department stores, including Taylors’ Drug Co., Parkes Drug Stores, Whiteleys, Harrods, and Boots. [note: '“Lactol,” Our Dogs, no. 36 (30 January 1914): iv (back cover).']' (295)

'Collins persisted..., holding annual competitions among students and persuading fashionable women to hand out awards to her pupils. [notes: '“London Notes,” Dogdom 12, no. 1 (March 1911): 10–12; “London Notes and Events,” Dogdom 12, no. 12 (February 1912): 730–31.']' (302)

'the Canine Nurses’ Institute appearsto have played an important role as an educational institution for the first generation of kennelmaids, instigating a less onerous course of training than that required for nurses as well as a “kennelmaid’s guild” in 1912. [note: '“London Notes and Events,” Dogdom 12, no. 12 (February 1912): 731.']' (305)

'In March 1908, the Canine Nurses’ Institute was established at 45 Barrington Road, Brixton, the home of metropolitan socialite Mrs. E. Leuty Collins... Like the beauty-parlor owners of Bond Street, Collins was highly conscious of her positionin fashionable society. In the course of promoting her institute, she held events at royal residences and emphasized her connections with fashionable ladies and the Ladies Kennel Association. [note: '“Court and Society,” Sunday Times, 9 May 1909, 15, 18; “New Importations,” Dogdom 10, no. 8 (October 1909): 598; “London Notes,” Dogdom 12, no. 1 (March 1911): 10–12; Collins and Campbell, How to Save Our Dogs, inside front cover, 4, 84–85, inside back cover. See also E. Leuty Collins, “A Connoisseurin Curious Pets,” Windsor Magazine 14, no. 4 (September 1901): 429–34.']' (301)

'Collins persisted..., holding annual competitions among students and persuading fashionable women to hand out awards to her pupils. [notes: '“London Notes,” Dogdom 12, no. 1 (March 1911): 10–12; “London Notes and Events,” Dogdom 12, no. 12 (February 1912): 730–31.']' (302)

'Participation in home exhibitions encouraged dog-food manufacturers and breeders to adopt new strategies of self-presentation. At the exhibitions, manufacturers portrayed themselves as exemplars of middle-class respectability and scientific domesticity as much as providers of alimentary produce... Companies also highlighted the scientific nature of their manufacturing processes. Merrett’s Ltd. of Cardiff gave a “practical demonstration of the method of manufacture” of their new “Rayrusks” (which occurred under “ultra violet rays”) at the Crufts show of 1933.” [note: '“The Exhibit of Merrett’s Ltd., of Cardiff, at Cruft’s Show,” Our Dogs, no. 90 (24 February 1933): 502. See also “Merseyside Honours Spratt’s,” Our Dogs, no. 97 (3 October 1934): 31. On interwar connectionsbetween industrial work and domesticity, see Long, “Industrial Homes, Domestic Factories.”']' (311)

'In March 1908, the Canine Nurses’ Institute was established at 45 Barrington Road, Brixton, the home of metropolitan socialite Mrs. E. Leuty Collins... Like the beauty-parlor owners of Bond Street, Collins was highly conscious of her positionin fashionable society. In the course of promoting her institute, she held events at royal residences and emphasized her connections with fashionable ladies and the Ladies Kennel Association. [note: '“Court and Society,” Sunday Times, 9 May 1909, 15, 18; “New Importations,” Dogdom 10, no. 8 (October 1909): 598; “London Notes,” Dogdom 12, no. 1 (March 1911): 10–12; Collins and Campbell, How to Save Our Dogs, inside front cover, 4, 84–85, inside back cover. See also E. Leuty Collins, “A Connoisseurin Curious Pets,” Windsor Magazine 14, no. 4 (September 1901): 429–34.']' (301)

Like the beauty-parlor owners of Bond Street, Collins was highly conscious of her position in fashionable society. In the course of promoting her institute, she held events at royal residences and emphasized her connections with fashionable ladies and the Ladies Kennel Association... In so doing, she cultivated an image of the institute as a respectable organization devoted to needs of wealthy clientele without time to care for an ill pet. [note: '“Nurses for Dogs,” Daily Mail, 27 August 1909, 5.']... Collins’s vision went beyond the consumer-as-individual-centered imperative underlying beauty parlors. The [Canine Nurses'] institute heralded the emergence of new occupational opportunities for women: How to Save Our Dogs included contributions from J. MacRae Frost, a veterinary surgeon and reputed “canine specialist” who proclaimed canine nursing as [a] “new and honourable profession” for ladies. [note: 'Collins and Campbell, How to Save Our Dogs, 67 and 76; see also “Outside the Gates:Women’s Work at Olympia,” British Journal of Nursing 40 (11 September 1909): 224–25; “Nurses for Dogs,” Daily Mail, 27 August 1909, 5; Frank Townend Barton, Our Dogs and All about Them: A Practical Guide for Everyone Who Keeps a Dog (London, ca. 1910), 3–6.']' (301)

'In contrast with most service roles, the position of kennelmaid was portrayed as one that allowed women to enjoy the healthy countryside environment promoted by domestic-science reformers while gaining skills and experience in dog keeping and breeding. Like canine nurses, they were consistently depicted as “educated” girls: Carine Cadby, a kennelmaid writing in the Royal Magazine, portrayed herselfas not simply as a hard-working subordinate to her mistress but almost her equal in matters pertaining to dogs. [note: 'Carine Cadby, “A Day in the Life of a Kennel-Maid,” Royal Magazine, Autumn 1910, 43–45, at 45; “Our London Correspondence,” Manchester Guardian, 12 May 1908, 6. On efforts to promote servicework as a viable career for upper-middle-class women at this time, see Delap, Knowing Their Place,105–8.']' (306)

'Collins’s vision went beyond the consumer-as-individual-centered imperative underlying beauty parlors. The [Canine Nurses'] institute heralded the emergence of new occupational opportunities for women: How to Save Our Dogs included contributions from J. MacRae Frost, a veterinary surgeon and reputed “canine specialist” who proclaimed canine nursing as [a] “new and honourable profession” for ladies. [note: 'Collins and Campbell, How to Save Our Dogs, 67 and 76; see also “Outside the Gates:Women’s Work at Olympia,” British Journal of Nursing 40 (11 September 1909): 224–25; “Nurses for Dogs,” Daily Mail, 27 August 1909, 5; Frank Townend Barton, Our Dogs and All about Them: A Practical Guide for Everyone Who Keeps a Dog (London, ca. 1910), 3–6.']' (301)

'Women breeders, pet-shop and “dog-parlor” owners, and canine nurses all participated in the emerging economy of canine care... Nor was this economy exclusively the preserve of women. The veterinarian W. Hamilton Kirk, for example, founded a “sanatorium” for dogs at Ruislip around the time Collins founded her institute. Advertised as a “country home for your dogs and cats in sickness or in health,” the sanatorium provided leisure facilities and health-giving diets as well as the latest in canine surgery such as the fitting of artificial eyes. [note: '“Ruislip Dog Sanatorium,” Our Dogs, no. 44 (1 February 1918): 93; “Sanatorium for Canine Patients: Artificial Eyes for Pet Dogs,” Perth Western Mail, 15 August 1913, 24. On canine surgery at this time, see Andrew Gardiner, “The Animal as Surgical Patient: A Historical Perspective in the 20th Century,” in “Animals and Surgery,” special issue, History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 31, nos. 3–4 (January 2009): 355–76, at 361–64.']' (303-304)

'On the 16 September 1907, chocolate magnate George Cadbury’s Daily News carried an advertisement for “Lactol,” a new commercial milk food. [note: '“Sherley’s Dog Medicines,” London Daily News, 16 September 1907, 11.'] On the face of it, therewas little that marked the product out from those already in existence. The Mongolian practice of preserving milk by leaving it out in the sun had been industrialized in Europe during the nineteenth century, and many different varieties of the foodstuff had been developed and marketed as aids to maternal care... Yet those whose attention was caught by the ad would have noticed something different from other milk products on the market: this “new and wonderful” food was intended not for children but for dogs. [note: '“Sherley’s Dog Medicines,” London Daily News, 16 September 1907, 11.']' (293-294)

'Lactol was the first of an expanding range of proprietary milk-food products developed by dog-food manufacturers such as Spratts Patent, W. G. Clarke, and Spillers & Co. during the 1910s, 1920s, and 1930s.[note: '“Spratt’s,” Bystander, 3 June 1908, 523; “Spratt’s Puppilac,” Our Dogs, no. 49 (1 October 1920):483; “Vigor,” Our Dogs, no. 51 (12 August 1921): 286; “Bob Martin’s,” Nottingham Evening Post, 18 September1930, 8.']' (294)

'Lactol was the first of an expanding range of proprietary milk-food products developed by dog-food manufacturers such as Spratts Patent, W. G. Clarke, and Spillers & Co. during the 1910s, 1920s, and 1930s.[note: '“Spratt’s,” Bystander, 3 June 1908, 523; “Spratt’s Puppilac,” Our Dogs, no. 49 (1 October 1920):483; “Vigor,” Our Dogs, no. 51 (12 August 1921): 286; “Bob Martin’s,” Nottingham Evening Post, 18 September1930, 8.']' (294)

Dog breeding and owning boomed at this time, with ever greaternumbers of women becoming involved in dogs as a business as well as a hobby. In 1928, according to an article in the Nottingham Evening Post, around 70 percent of breeders in Britain were women... Regardless of the reliability of such statistics,the prewar years certainly saw a proliferation of advertising by women breeders. [note: '“The Breeding of Dogs: A Paying Career for Women,” Aberdeen Press and Journal, 15 October 1928, 2; “The Possibilities of Dog Breeding,” Aberdeen Press and Journal, 4 January 1929, 2. See also footnote 47.']' (304)

'The prominence of dog shows at home exhibitions appears to have declined after 1933. [note: '“The Good Companions of Ideal Homes,” Our Dogs, no. 91 (7 April 1933): 29.']' (312)