'At the turn of the twentieth century, women actively participatedin the construction of new approaches to child-rearing in which children’s development increasingly came to be guided by the contentions of developmental science... Reformers promoted physiological ideals of bodily function as means by which one’s own health and well-being could be cultivated and maintained... historians have shown how women architects redesigned living environments with the aim of maximizing the “efficiency” of domestic work. [note: 'Elizabeth Darling and Lesley Whitworth, eds., Women and the Making of Built Space in England,1870–1950 (Aldershot, 2007); Elizabeth Darling, “A Citizen as Well as a Housewife: New Spaces of Domesticity in 1930s London,” in Negotiating Domesticity: Spatial Production of Gender in Modern Architecture, ed. Hilde Heynen (London, 2005), 49–64; Mark Llewellyn, “Designed by Women and Designing Women: Gender, Planning and the Geographies of the Kitchen in Britain, 1917–1946,” Cultural Geographies 11, no. 1 (January 2004): 42–60.']' (291-292)