'The domestic-science movement has been portrayed as first and foremost a moralizing discourse that translated middle-class assumptions regarding women’s proper social roles into universal prescriptions for domestic conduct. [note: 'Catherine Manthorpe, “Science or Domestic Science? The Struggle to Define an Appropriate Science Education for Girls in Early Twentieth-Century England,” History of Education 15, no. 3 (September 1986): 195–213; Deborah Dwork, War Is Good for Babies and Other Young Children: A History of the Infant Child Welfare Movement in England, 1898–1918 (London, 1987), chap. 5; Dena Attar, Wasting Girls’ Time: The History and Politics of Home Economics (London, 1990); Vanessa Heggie, “Domestic and Domesticating Education in the Late Victorian City,” History of Education 40, no. 3 (May 2011): 273–90.']' (290)