'historians are coming to recognize that the pre-domestic dog was a very differentbeast to that which came to inhabit the middle-class homes of Britain and the United States during the nineteenth century. The emergence of scientifically informed breeding practices at this time accelerated the differentiation of dogs into the distinct “breeds” we recognize today. [note: 'Michael Worboys, Julie-Marie Strange, and Neil Pemberton, The Invention of the Modern Dog: Breed, Blood and Modern Britain (Baltimore, 2018); Harriet Ritvo, The Animal Estate: The English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Age (Cambridge, MA, 1987), chap. 2.']' (290)