'Somewhat surprisingly given the very long history of canine domestication, recent work by Howell, Katherine Grier, Sarah Amato, Ingrid Tague, and others suggests that the positioning of dogs as participants in family life is a relatively recent phenomenon. [note: 'Howell, At Home and Astray; Sarah Amato, Beastly Possessions: Animals in Victorian Consumer Culture (Toronto, 2015), chap. 2; Ingrid H. Tague, Animal Companions: Pets and Social Change in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Philadelphia, 2015), chap. 3; Laura Brown, Homeless Dogs and Melancholy Apes: Humans and Other Animals in the Modern Literary Imagination (Ithaca, 2010), chap. 3; Katherine C. Grier, Pets in America: A History (Chapel Hill, 2006); Kathleen Kete, The Beast in the Boudoir: Petkeeping in Nineteenth-Century Paris (Berkeley, 1994); Hilda Kean, The Great Cat and Dog Massacre: The Real Story of World War II’s Unknown Tragedy (Chicago, 2017).'].' (p. 289)

'By the early twentieth century, it had become acceptable for British women to own awide range of dog types. In many ways, this development was unprecedented. Though lap dogs, or “toys,” had been associated with aristocratic women since the Middle Ages, other types of dog were historically considered “manly” creatures, and it had been men that had been most prominent in their breeding and maintenance.' [note: 'Brown, Homeless Dogs, 67–70; Worboys, Strange, and Pemberton, Invention of the Modern Dog, 49–50.']' (299)