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Creator (Definite): William RutherfordDate: 1871
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Cited by W. Rutherford, 'A Combined Ice and Ether-Spray Freezing Microtome', The Lancet 125 (3201) (1885), pp. 4-6.
Description:'During the thirteen years that have elapsed since I invented the freezing microtome, the method of freezing has come into general use as an aid to microscopical research in physiology and pathology. It has also become of much service in aiding the practical study of these subjects, especially when they have to be taught to large numbers of students. The original ice and salt freezing microtome described by me in the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology for 1871, vol. v., was somewhat faulty. The improved form of the instrument (Fig. 2) described by me in The Lancet, 1873, vol. ii., has been constantly used in my laboratory since that time. We have no difficulty in making with it from four to five hundred sections of the retina, kidney, or other organ, in the course of an hour.' (4)
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Cited by W. Rutherford, 'A New Freezing Microtome', The Lancet 102 (2604) (1873), pp. 108-109.
Description:'In May, 1871, I published in the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology an account of a microtome invented by me for the purpose of facilitating the process of freezing and of cutting frozen tissues. The apparatus there described and figured, although capable of doing much, is not quite so perfect as the following modification adopted by me some months ago. This new apparatus answers the purpose so satisfactorily that it is now full time for me to publicly direct attention to it.' (108)
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Quoted by W. Rutherford, 'On the Freezing Microtome. A Reply to Mr Lawson Tait', Journal of Anatomy and Physiology 10 (1) (1875), pp. 178-185.
Description:'When I described in the pages of this Journal for May, 1871 (324), a method by which tissues might readily be frozen and cut for microscopical purposes by a modification of Stirling's microtome devised by me, I was aware that I bad rendered the freezing process available to the histologist in a way which would certainly prove of great service. And I was also aware that the freezing method would in the end largely supersede all other methods of imbedding the tissues for the purpose of making microscopical sections. I stated that, with the aid of my freezing apparatus (p. 326), "beautiful sections of frozen fresh lung, liver, kidney, muscle, skin, brain, etc., may be made with an ordinary razor," and moreover that the capabilities of my apparatus might be readily appreciated from the following experiment (p. 328): 'I killed a rabbit, and immediately removed a portion of lung, liver, intestine, muscle, and a whole kidney. I rapidly washed them in 0.75 p.c. salt solution, and put them, hot as they were, at once into the well of the machine and covered them with 0.75 p.c. salt solution. I put the freezing mixture into the box and covered the whole with cotton wadding. To freeze them thoroughly required sixteen minutes. I then made sections, as fine as any one could possibly desire, of all the several tissues at once, -picked them off the knife with a camel-hair pencil, and put them into separate vessels for examination."' (178)