'historians are coming to recognize that the pre-domestic dog was a very different beast to that which came to inhabit the middle-class homes of Britain and the United States during the nineteenth century. The emergence of scientifically informed breeding practices at this time accelerated the differentiation of dogs intothe distinct “breeds” we recognize today. [note: 'Michael Worboys, Julie-Marie Strange, and Neil Pemberton, The Invention of the Modern Dog: Breed, Blood and Modern Britain (Baltimore, 2018); Harriet Ritvo, The Animal Estate: The English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Age (Cambridge, MA, 1987), chap. 2.']' (290)

'Lactol was the first of an expanding range of proprietary milk-food products developed by dog-food manufacturers such as Spratts Patent, W. G. Clarke, and Spillers & Co. during the 1910s, 1920s, and 1930s [note: On dog food manufacturers, see Grier, Pets in America, 277–91; Kean, The Great Cat and Dog Massacre, 84–98; Worboys, Strange, and Pemberton, The Invention of the Modern Dog, 176–82.'].' (294)

'By the early twentieth century, it had become acceptable for British women to own awide range of dog types. In many ways, this development was unprecedented. Though lap dogs, or “toys,” had been associated with aristocratic women since the Middle Ages, other types of dog were historically considered “manly” creatures, and it had been men that had been most prominent in their breeding and maintenance.' [note: 'Brown, Homeless Dogs, 67–70; Worboys, Strange, and Pemberton, Invention of the Modern Dog, 49–50.']' (299)