'As Ash highlights, tachistoscopic studies marked the culmination of long-standing trends within German academies in which psychology began to emerge as an independent, experimental discipline (Ash 1998, esp. 125-129). Psychology in the United States evinced a distinct yet parallel trend towards independent disciplinary constitution around experimental sites and practices. Thus at Harvard Münsterberg, whose own commentary on cinematographs came to rival those of Bergson, looked not to the university physiology department, but to the advertising and employment industries as sources of funding and legitimation (Blatter 2015, 62-66).'